Planning, implementation, support and expansion of improvements in work and processes.

Change Management deals with changes in multiple dimensions i.e:

1. Process
2. Organization
3. Policies
4. Facilities
5. Management
6. IT infrastructure
7. Systems
8. Staffing

Sumber: Dr. Bennet Lientz, Professor of Management Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles
(Dari Slaid Pembentangan, IT Benchmarking Workshop : Enhancing Value For Business )

Is a Management of Intellectual Assets in a manner that achieves maximum commercial value extraction.

About applying management models designed to add, extract value from intellectual assets
  
Concerned with the management of employee brainpower, ideas, knowledge, innovation and practices over and above intellectual property rights such as patents, trademarks, copyrights and other IPRs

Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi (Information and Communication Technology).

Ia merupakan teknologi yang membantu di dalam penyimpanan, perkongsian dan komunikasi maklumat di antara komputer yang dirangkaikan melalui sistem telekomunikasi. Contohnya, penggunaan sistem maklumat berpusat, penggunaan e-mel, IRC (Internet Relay Chat), web conferencing , VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) dan lain - lain.

Boleh dipecahkan kepada 3 jenis teknologi :

1. Teknologi Komputer - penggunaan teknologi di dalam sistem pengkomputeran sama ada dalam bentuk perkakasan (hardware) atau perisian (software). Contohnya, perisian dan perkakasan yang memudahkan penyimpanan dan pemprosesan data di dalam sesebuah komputer.

2. Teknologi Telekomunikasi - penggunaan teknologi di dalam sistem telekomunikasi (i.e sistem komunikasi jarak jauh).

(BM=insiden keselamatan ICT ) Any unlawful, unauthorized or unacceptable action that involves a computer system or computer network. Such an action can be include any of the following events:

1. Theft of trade secrets
2. E-mail spam or harassment
3. Unauthorised or unlawful intrusions into computing systems
4. Embezzlement
5. Posession or dissemination of child pornography
6. Denial - of - service (DoS) attacks
7. Tortious interference  of business relations
8. Extortion
9. Any unlawful action when the evidence of such action may be stored on computer media such as fraud, threats and traditional crimes.

Sumber: Incidents Response & Computer Forensics; 2nd Edition; Kevin Mandia, Chris Prosise & Matt Pepe; McGraw-

(BM=Keselamatan Maklumat) Information Security draws upon the best practices and experience from multiple domains i.e:

1. Standards
2. Policies
3. Administration
4. Regulatory Compliance and Auditing 
5. Incident Response
6. Disaster Recovery
7. Intrusion Detection and Monitoring
8. Public Key Infrastructures
9. Key Management
10. Authorization Controls
11. Access Controls
12. Operation Controls
13. Physical Security Controls Security Testing
14. Virus Protection
15. Security Testing
16. Security Training and Awareness
17. Software Development Practices

Sumber: The Complete Guide to Internet Security; Mark S Merkow, CCP & James Brethaupt; AMACOM, 2000 ( www.amacombooks.org )

Intellectual property, often known as IP, allows people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way that they can own physical property. The owner of IP can control and be rewarded for its use, and this encourages further innovation and creativity to the benefit of us all.

In some cases IP gives rise to protection for ideas but in other areas there will have to be more elaboration of an idea before protection can arise. It will often not be possible to protect IP and gain IP rights (or IPRs) unless they have been applied for and granted, but some IP protection such as copyright arises automatically, without any registration, as soon as there is a record in some form of what has been created.

internet - A collection of packet-switching networks that are physically interconnected by Internet Protocol (IP) gateways. These networks use protocols that allow them to function as a large composite network. Example of an internet is the Internet.

Internet - A wide area network connecting thousands of disparate networks in industry, education, government and research. The Internet Network uses TCP/IP as the standard for transmitting information.

Sumber: IBM Dictionary of Computing; 10th Edition; George McDaniel; McGraw-Hill; 1993 ( http://books.mcgraw-hill.com )

A protocol used to route data from its source to its destination in an Internet environment.

Sumber: IBM Dictionary of Computing; 10th Edition; George McDaniel; McGraw-Hill; 1993 ( http://books.mcgraw-hill.com )

Senior business employees who hold onto power through their knowledge of business rules.

Sumber: Dr. Bennet Lientz, Professor of Management Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles
(Dari Slaid Pembentangan, IT Benchmarking Workshop : Enhancing Value For Business )

Interim changes that pave the way for long term change and yield tangible benefits.

Quick Hits offers the flexibility to change pace and direction of change.It help to deal with cultural and political issues and reduce resistance.

Steps in Quick Hits implementation:

1. Review current situation to see what is new
2. Review issues and problems that surfaced earlier
3. Review proposed changes developed earlier
4. Encourage employees to discuss implementation and any questions or issues
5. Plan the change implementation
6. Implement Quick Hits changes
7. Gather lessons learned
8. Apply score cards

Sumber: Dr. Bennet Lientz, Professor of Management Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles

Return On Investment is a measure of the net income a firm is able to earn with the its total assets. Return on investment is calculated by dividing net profits after taxes by total assets.

Sumber: Resource Management System, Inc (RMS) (http://www.rms.net/lc_faq_other_roi.htm)

It is is a representation of the worth of a project or procurement in terms meaningful to decision makers. ROI is often stated as a monetary value (e.g., Net Present Value), a percentage (e.g., Internal Rate of Return), a time period (e.g., Payback Period), or a ratio (e.g., Benefit/Cost Ratio). Standard financial metrics are most common.

Sumber: Resource Management System, Inc (RMS)

State Government Computer Emergency Response Team (sgCERT) ditubuhkan oleh kerajaan negeri di bawah State Government ICT Security Working Committee sebagai salah satu pasukan keselamatan ICT negeri Sabah.  Ia bertindak untuk menangani sebarang insiden keselamatan ICT (ICT security incidents) yang melibatkan sektor awam negeri Sabah dengan kerjasama Government Computer Emergency Response Team (gCERT) di MAMPU.

Selain itu, pasukan ini juga bertanggungjawab untuk memberikan kemudahan forensik bagi insiden keselamatan ICT yang berunsurkan jenayah. Di dalam ICT, forensik merupakan proses mengenalpasti, menganalisa, menyimpan dan mempersembahkan bukti - bukti digital di mahkamah.

Formal or informal system (manual or automated) that departments create on their own.

Sumber: Dr. Bennet Lientz, Professor of Management Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles
(Dari Slaid Pembentangan, IT Benchmarking Workshop : Enhancing Value For Business )

State Government ICT Security Working Committee merupakan jawatankuasa yang telah diberi kuasa oleh Suruhanjaya Teknologi Maklumat Sabah untuk menangani isu - isu keselamatan ICT di dalam sektor awam.

Ia dianggotai oleh tiga agensi utama, iaitu Jabatan Perkhidmatan Komputer Negeri , Unit Kemajuan IT Negeri dan K.K.I.P Sdn. Bhd. Sekretariat jawatakuasa ini Jabatan Perkhidmatan Komputer Negeri dan dipengerusikan oleh Pengarah jabatan terbabit.

Teams of employees that investigate process and work. They identify problems and issues so that employees support change.

Strike Forces are coordinated by the change management team. They are composed of small group across departments:

1. one person (junior) who is involved in the work in the department.
2. one person from enemy department i.e someone who wants the change from other department - heads the team
3. people from other departments. 

Sumber: Dr. Bennet Lientz, Professor of Management Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles

Total Cost Ownership was originally developed in the late 1980s by the research firm Gartner to determine the cost of owning and deploying personal computers.

TCO consists of the costs, direct and indirect, incurred throughout the life cycle of an asset, including acquisition, deployment, operation, support and retirement.

Sumber: Dr. Bennet Lientz, Professor of Management Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles
(Dari Slaid Pembentangan, IT Benchmarking Workshop : Enhancing Value For Business )

Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. A set of communication protocols that support peer-to-peer connectivity functions for both local and wide area networks.

Sumber: IBM Dictionary of Computing; 10th Edition; George McDaniel; McGraw-Hill; 1993 ( http://books.mcgraw-hill.com )

Methods to get around problems in a system or process.

Sumber: Dr. Bennet Lientz, Professor of Management Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles
(Dari Slaid Pembentangan, IT Benchmarking Workshop : Enhancing Value For Business )